晉太宗宣武帝實錄23

晉太宗宣武帝實錄23

陳牧:寡人聞,吾華夏有四海九州,何也?先生教我。

蕭凡:臣以為,八荒之內有四海,四海之內有九州。天子處中州而制八方耳。兩河間曰冀州,河南曰豫州,河西曰雍州,漢南曰荊州,江南曰揚州,濟河間曰兗州,濟東曰徐州,燕曰幽州,齊曰青州。山川汙澤,陵陸邱阜,五土之宜,聖王就其勢,因其便,不失其性。歷代王者,京師四通而致之。

陳牧:先生之言是也,寡人受教矣。

chenmu:IheardthattherearefourseasandninestatesinChina,Sirtaughtmewhichones?

xiaofan:Ithink,Therearefourseasbetweenheavenandearth,Thereareninestatesbetweenthefourseas,Theemperorruledovertheothereightstatesinthecenter,ThereisJizhoubetweenthetworivers,YuzhouissouthoftheGreatRiver,ThereisYongzhouwestoftheGreatRiver,SouthoftheHanRiverisJingzhou,ThereisYangzhoueastoftheHanRiver,BetweenthetworiversisYanzhou,XuzhouiseastoftheJiRiver,TheStateofYanwastheformerStateofYan,TheStateofQiwastheformerQingzhou,Mountains,rivers,seas,land,hills,theirterrainisdifferent,TheHolyKingdividedtheworldintoninestatesaccordingtotheirdifferences,Successivekingshavelinkedthecentralgovernmentwiththeothereightstates。

chenmu:Sirisright,Iacceptyourteachings。

陳牧:何為良將之姿?寡人願聞先生之見。

蕭凡:臣以為,責之而不驕,委之而不專,扶之而不隱,免之而不懼,此乃良將之姿也,良將之為政也,使人擇之,不自舉;使法量功,不自度,以是能功成而動宇內也。

陳牧:先生之言是也,寡人受教矣。

chenmu:Iwonderwhatthecriteriaforagoodgeneralare?Sirtaughtme。

xiaofan:Ithink,Thechiefentrustedhimwiththetask,buthewasnotproudandarbitrary,Supporthimbuthedoesn『thide,Removehimbutheisnotafraid,Thisisthequalificationofagoodgeneral,Agoodgeneralhandlespoliticalaffairs,andhedoesnotelecthimselfbutletsothers,Rewardaccordingtotherulesratherthanhisownwill,Becauseofthis,theycanbuildmeritoriousdeedsandbecomefamousintheworld。

chenmu:Sirisright,Iacceptyourteachings。

陳牧:寡人慾大赦天下,以恩澤百姓,可乎?先生以為如何?

蕭凡:臣以為,治世以大德,不以小惠,故匡衡、吳漢不願為赦。劉玄德亦言,其周旋陳元方、鄭康成間,每見啟告,治亂之道悉矣,曾不語赦也。若梁武帝、唐玄宗,歲歲赦宥,奸人欣欣,善人喑啞,何益於治也!

陳牧:先生之言是也,寡人知過矣。

chenmu:IwanttoforgivesinnersintheworldtoshowpeopleMykindness,Sirwhatdoyouthink?

xiaofan:Ithink,Youshouldgovernyourcountrywithgreatvirtueratherthansmallfavors,Therefore,KuangHengandWuHandidnotsupportarbitrarypardons,Previously,LiuBei『steacherstaughthimtogovernthecountrywithoutarbitrarypardons,EmperorWuofLiangandEmperorXuanzongofTangoftenpardonedcriminals,Thismakesthevillainveryhappyandthegentlemanveryhurt,Howcansuchamethodgovernthecountrywell?

chenmu:Sirisright,Iwaswrong。

陳牧:何以知人之性,先生教我。

蕭凡:臣以為,人之性莫難察焉。美惡既殊,情貌不一,有溫良而為詐者,有外恭而內欺者,有外勇而內怯者,有儘力而不忠者。然知人之道有七焉:一曰,間之以是非而觀其志;二曰,窮之以辭辯而觀其變;三曰,咨之以計謀而觀其識;四曰,告之以禍難而觀其勇;五曰,醉之以酒而觀其性;六曰,臨之以利而觀其廉;七曰,期之以事而觀其信。以此差可知之。

陳牧:先生之言是也,寡人謹受教。

chenmu:Howtounderstandhumannature?Sirtaughtme。

xiaofan:Ithink,Humannatureishardtoguess,Everyoneisdifferent,Somepeopleseemdocileandkind,buttheyaretreacherous,Somepeoplelookbravebutareactuallyverycowardly,Somepeopleareverycapableofworkingbutdisloyal,Buttherearesevencriteriaforknowingaperson,first,Lethimhandletheaffairstoobservehisambitions,second,Arguewithhimtoobservehischanges,third,Askhimforstrategiestotesthisabilities,fourth,Tellhimaboutourdifficultiestoseeifheisbrave,fifth,Gethimdrunktotoobservehisnature,sixth,Givehimbenefitstoobservewhetherheisincorruptible,seventh,Makeanappointmentwithhimtoobservehisintegrity,Intheseways,humannaturecanbeunderstood。

chenmu:Sirisright,Irespectfullyacceptyourteachings。

陳牧:寡人願聞,何以別將材?先生教我。

蕭凡:臣以為將材有九,道之以德,齊之以禮,而知其饑寒,察其勞苦,此之謂仁將。事無苟免,不為利撓,有死之榮,無生之辱,此之謂義將。貴而不驕,勝而不恃,賢而能下,剛而能忍,此之謂禮將。奇變莫測,動應多端,轉禍為福,臨危制勝,此之謂智將。進有厚賞,退有嚴刑,賞不逾時,刑不擇貴,此之謂信將。足輕戎馬,氣蓋千夫,善固疆埸,長於劍戟,此之謂步將。登高履險,馳射如飛,進則先行,退則後殿,此之謂騎將。氣凌三軍,志輕強虜,怯於小戰,勇於大敵,此之謂猛將。見賢若不及,從諫如流,寬而能強,勇而多計,此之謂大將。

陳牧:先生之言是也,寡人受教矣。

chenmu:Iwanttoknowhowtounderstandtheabilitiesofageneral?Sirtaughtme。

xiaofan:Ithink,thepersoncanbedividedintonineaccordingtotheirabilities,Suchapersonwhogovernsthearmywithvirtueandetiquetteandcanunderstandthehungerandcoldandhardshipofthesoldiersisabenevolentgeneral,Daretotakeresponsibility,donotcovetprofits,andregardhonoranddisgraceveryseriously,suchapersonisarighteousgeneral,Honorablebutnotproud,victoriousbutnotlightenemies,capablebutabletolistentotheopinionsofothers,strongbuttolerant,suchapersonisageneralwithetiquette,Therearemanystrategies,andtheyareveryaccurate,theycanturnstrangethingsintogoodthings,andtheycanwinincrises,andsuchpeoplearewisegenerals,Therearerewardsforadvancing,punishmentsforretreating,anddealingwiththemaccordingtotherules,nothumanfeelings,andsuchapersonisafaithfulgeneral,Thepersonwhoisverygoodatinfantrycombatisthegeneraloftheinfantry,Thepersonwhoisverygoodatcavalrycombatisthegeneralofthecavalryarmy,Thosewhohavegreatpersonalforceandcandeterthewholearmyarefiercegenerals,Suchapersonwhocanaccepttheopinionsofothersandistolerantandstrategicisamarshal。

chenmu:Sirisright,Iacceptyourteachings。

陳牧:寡人願聞,何為將之器,先生教我。

蕭凡:臣以為將之器,其用大小不同。若乃察其奸,伺其禍,為眾所服,此十夫之將。夙興夜寐,言詞密察,此百夫之將。直而有慮,勇而能斗,此千夫之將。外貌桓桓,中情烈烈,知人勤勞,悉人饑寒,此萬夫之將。進賢進能,日慎一日,誠信寬大,閑於理亂,此十萬人之將。仁愛洽於下,信義服鄰國,上知天文,中察人事,下識地理,四海之內,視如室家,此天下之將。

陳牧:先生之言是也,寡人受教矣。

chenmu:Iwouldliketoknowthedivisionofthegeneral『scommandingability,Sirtaughtme。

xiaofan:Ithinkeverygeneral『scommandingabilityisdifferent,Suchapersonwhocanseethedetailsandsmallthingsandistrustedbythesoldiersisthesquadleader,Suchapersonwhoworksveryhardandisverymeticulousisacompanycommander,Suchpeoplewhoarehonestandstrategic,braveandeffectivearetheregimentalcommanders,Lookingordinary,stronginheart,andknowingthehardshipsofothers,suchapersonisateacher,Suchapersonwhoisverycautious,honestandtolerant,andgoodatcalmingchaosisacommander,Treathissubordinateswithbenevolence,neighborsadmirehisfaithfulness,understandastronomicalgeographyandhumanities,suchapersonisamarshal。

chenmu:Sirisright,Iacceptyourteachings。

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