252.英文正文(252)

252.英文正文(252)

thegrammarofnewspeakhadtwooutstandingpeculiarities。***thefirstofthesewasanalmostcompleteinterchangeabilitybetweendifferentpartsofspeech。anywordinthelanguage(inprinciplethisappliedeventoveryabstractwordssuchasiforwhen)couldbeusedeitherasverb,noun,adjective,oradverb。betweentheverbandthenounform,whentheywereofthesameroot,therewasneveranyvariation,thisruleofitselfinvolvingthedestructionofmanyarchaicforms。thewordthought,forexample,didnotexistinnewspeak。itsplacewastakenbythink,whichdiddutyforbothnounandverb。noetymologicalprinciplewasfollowedhere:insomecasesitwastheoriginalnounthatwaschosenforretention,inothercasestheverb。evenwhereanounandverbofkindredmeaningwerenotetymologicallyconnected,oneorotherofthemwasfrequentlysuppressed。therewas,forexample,nosuchwordascut,itsmeaningbeingsufficientlycoveredbythenoun-verbknife。adjectiveswereformedbyaddingthesuffix-fultothenoun-verb,andadverbsbyadding-wise。thusforexample,speedfulmeant「rapid」andspeedwisemeant「quickly」。certainofourpresent-dayadjectives,suchasgood,strong,big,black,soft,wereretained,buttheirtotalnumberwasverysmall。therewaslittleneedforthem,sincealmostanyadjectivalmeaningcouldbearrivedatbyadding-fultoanoun-verb。noneofthenow-existingadverbswasretained,exceptforaveryfewalreadyendingin-wise:the-wiseterminationwasinvariable。thewordwell,forexample,wasreplacedbygoodwise。

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252.英文正文(252)

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